The Declaration of Independence — With Explanations!

The Declaration of Independence -- With Explanations!

If you’re going to try to make sense of American government and politics, even in the twenty-first century, you’d do well to know and understand what the Declaration of Independence (as well as a few other documents) has to say because the beliefs behind it still influence American thinking and politics to this day and, Cthulhu willing, will continue to influence Americans until the Earth is no more.


IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America[1],

 

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.[2]

 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.–That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, –That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes[3]; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.–Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.[4]

  1. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
  2. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
  3. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
  4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
  5. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
  6. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
  7. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
  8. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
  9. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
  10. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance.
  11. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
  12. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
  13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
  14. For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
  15. For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
  16. For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
  17. For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
  18. For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
  19. For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences
  20. For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
  21. For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
  22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
  23. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
  24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
  25. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.
  26. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
  27. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.[5]

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.[6]

 

Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren.[7] We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.


[1]This text is copied from the National Archives and Records Administration which maintains the document with the older English spellings that were originally penned down onto the parchment by Thomas Jefferson. So, don’t bug me about “typos” or “bad grammar” unless you’ve got a time machine and went back and changed the way they wrote and spoke in the late 1700s.

 

[2]This is the preamble and the introduction that lay out the reason for declaring independence.

 

[3]This is known as the “light and transient causes” clause which gets brought up just about any time some hothead starts talking about rebelling and/or seceding from the current government. Basically, the gist of it is that yes, we have the power and the right to revolt, overthrow the government by force of arms, and institute a new government in its place. But, we shouldn’t do this lightly or for reasons that won’t matter in a few years.

 

This clause and argument are also part of why the Second Amendment is so important to Americans — if only the government has weapons, then it becomes very hard to rebel when the government becomes unjust. The American Revolutionary War kicked off when British troops went to Lexington and Concord to take the rifles, munitions, and other weapons out of the hands of the men who lived there in order to deprive them of the tools needed to defeat the British troops and continue the rebellion.

 

[4]This whole section lays out the argument that the Americans had every right to rebel and that such rights are inborn to all people. It also explains that government’s proper role isn’t one of rulership but rather one of being ruled by the will and consent of the governed. As you can tell, if you’ve read much from that era, the Revolutionaries were very influenced by the Northern Enlightenment (think Locke instead of Rousseau).

 

[5]These are the twenty-seven grievances that the colonies had with the King and with Parliament. This section can generally be divided into four parts: the King’s abuse of his executive power, the King and Parliament conspiring together to deprive the colonists of their rights as Englishmen, the complaints about the cruel and violent method the King had for dealing with the colonies, and the fact that the King ignored the colonists many times in the past when they begged for redress.

 

[6]Yeah, the Revolutionaries were definitely not fans of King George III. And, to be fair, he and Parliament had ignored almost every one of their complaints and had insulted the representatives sent to try to argue the American case before them. Benjamin Franklin was humiliated publicly by the Solicitor-General in front of the Privy Council, for instance.

 

[7]The colonists hadn’t only reached out to the King, they’d reached out to the Parliament and to the people in Britain. No one seemed inclined to listen to the problems the American colonists had or the legitimate complaints they were making. So, the British people themselves came under censure here for failing to help their fellow Brits out and standing by while the King and Parliament acted like tyrants to one group of British subjects.